Long Form of Periodic Table – Structure, Details and Numeric Values

By Shubham
January 13, 2022

The modern periodic table, or the long form of the periodic table, are positioned in ascending order of the atomic numbers. This table is more accurate, and the prediction of the elements and their compounds can be made more exact. Also, this table can fix the limitations of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

Structure of the Modern Periodic Table

The long form of periodic table consists of,

18 vertical columns known as groups
7 horizontal rows known as periods.

Elements having the same electronic configuration are placed in the same group. Hydrogen could not be placed in the appropriate position in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, which is fixed on the long form of the periodic table. Also, there were new elements yet to be discovered. Let’s look at the structure of the Long form of periodic table.

Neil Bohr is the scientist who proposed the long form of the Periodic Table. The long form of the periodic table is based on the atom’s atomic number, and hydrogen is the first element in the table.

The first period is the shortest in the periodic table with H and He elements, whereas the sixth period is from Cs to Rn and is the longest period.

Values of Elements in the Long form of Periodic Table

The long form of the periodic table based on the atomic number is given below. The table consists of elements and their Name, Atomic Number, Symbol, Atomic Mass, Electron Configuration, Electronegativity, Atomic Radius (Van der Waals radius), Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, Oxidation States, Standard State, Melting Point, Boiling Point, Density Group Block, Year Discovered.

Atomic Number	Symbol	Name	Atomic Mass	Electron Configuration	Electronegativity	Atomic Radius (Van der Waals radius)	Electron Affinity	Oxidation States	Ionization Energy	Standard State	Melting Point	Boiling Point	Density	Group Block	Year Discovered
1	H	Hydrogen	1.008 u	1s1	2.2	120	0.754 eV	+1, -1	13.598 eV	Gas	13.81K	20.28K	0.00008988 g/L	Nonmetal	1766
2	He	Helium	4.0026 u	1s2		140		0	24.587 eV	Gas	0.95K	4.22K	0.0001785 g/L	Noble gas	1868
3	Li	Lithium	7 u	[He]2s1	0.98	182	0.618 eV	1	5.392 eV	Solid	453.65K	1615K	0.534 g/L	Alkali metal	1817
4	Be	Beryllium	9.012183 u	[He]2s2	1.57	153		2	9.323 eV	Solid	1560K	2744K	1.85 g/L	Alkaline earth metal	1798
5	B	Boron	10.81 u	[He]2s2 2p1	2.04	192	0.277 eV	3	8.298 eV	Solid	2348K	4273K	2.37 g/L	Metalloid	1808
6	C	Carbon	12.011 u	[He]2s2 2p2	2.55	170	1.263 eV	+4, +2, -4	11.26 eV	Solid	3823K	4098K	2.267 g/L	Nonmetal	Ancient
7	N	Nitrogen	14.007 u	[He] 2s2 2p3	3.04	155		+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, -1, -2, -3	14.534 eV	Gas	63.15K	77.36K	0.0012506 g/L	Nonmetal	1772
8	O	Oxygen	15.999 u	[He]2s2 2p4	3.44	152	1.461 eV	-2	13.618 eV	Gas	54.36K	90.2K	0.001429 g/L	Nonmetal	1774
9	F	Fluorine	18.99840316 u	[He]2s2 2p5	3.98	135	3.339 eV	-1	17.423 eV	Gas	53.53K	85.03K	0.001696 g/L	Halogen	1670
10	Ne	Neon	20.18 u	[He]2s2 2p6		154		0	21.565 eV	Gas	24.56K	27.07K	0.0008999 g/L	Noble gas	1898
11	Na	Sodium	22.9897693 u	[Ne]3s1	0.93	227	0.548 eV	1	5.139 eV	Solid	370.95K	1156K	0.97 g/L	Alkali metal	1807
12	Mg	Magnesium	24.305 u	[Ne]3s2	1.31	173		2	7.646 eV	Solid	923K	1363K	1.74 g/L	Alkaline earth metal	1808
13	Al	Aluminum	26.981538 u	[Ne]3s2 3p1	1.61	184	0.441 eV	3	5.986 eV	Solid	933.437K	2792K	2.7 g/L	Post-transition metal	Ancient
14	Si	Silicon	28.085 u	[Ne]3s2 3p2	1.9	210	1.385 eV	+4, +2, -4	8.152 eV	Solid	1687K	3538K	2.3296 g/L	Metalloid	1854
15	P	Phosphorus	30.973762 u	[Ne]3s2 3p3	2.19	180	0.746 eV	+5, +3, -3	10.487 eV	Solid	317.3K	553.65K	1.82 g/L	Nonmetal	1669
16	S	Sulfur	32.07 u	[Ne]3s2 3p4	2.58	180	2.077 eV	+6, +4, -2	10.36 eV	Solid	388.36K	717.75K	2.067 g/L	Nonmetal	Ancient
17	Cl	Chlorine	35.45 u	[Ne]3s2 3p5	3.16	175	3.617 eV	+7, +5, +1, -1	12.968 eV	Gas	171.65K	239.11K	0.003214 g/L	Halogen	1774
18	Ar	Argon	39.9 u	[Ne]3s2 3p6		188		0	15.76 eV	Gas	83.8K	87.3K	0.0017837 g/L	Noble gas	1894
19	K	Potassium	39.0983 u	[Ar]4s1	0.82	275	0.501 eV	1	4.341 eV	Solid	336.53K	1032K	0.89 g/L	Alkali metal	1807
20	Ca	Calcium	40.08 u	[Ar]4s2	1	231		2	6.113 eV	Solid	1115K	1757K	1.54 g/L	Alkaline earth metal	Ancient
21	Sc	Scandium	44.95591 u	[Ar]4s2 3d1	1.36	211	0.188 eV	3	6.561 eV	Solid	1814K	3109K	2.99 g/L	Transition metal	1879
22	Ti	Titanium	47.867 u	[Ar]4s2 3d2	1.54	187	0.079 eV	+4, +3, +2	6.828 eV	Solid	1941K	3560K	4.5 g/L	Transition metal	1791
23	V	Vanadium	50.9415 u	[Ar]4s2 3d3	1.63	179	0.525 eV	+5, +4, +3, +2	6.746 eV	Solid	2183K	3680K	6 g/L	Transition metal	1801
24	Cr	Chromium	51.996 u	[Ar]3d5 4s1	1.66	189	0.666 eV	+6, +3, +2	6.767 eV	Solid	2180K	2944K	7.15 g/L	Transition metal	1797
25	Mn	Manganese	54.93804 u	[Ar]4s2 3d5	1.55	197		+7, +4, +3, +2	7.434 eV	Solid	1519K	2334K	7.3 g/L	Transition metal	1774
26	Fe	Iron	55.84 u	[Ar]4s2 3d6	1.83	194	0.163 eV	+3, +2	7.902 eV	Solid	1811K	3134K	7.874 g/L	Transition metal	Ancient
27	Co	Cobalt	58.93319 u	[Ar]4s2 3d7	1.88	192	0.661 eV	+3, +2	7.881 eV	Solid	1768K	3200K	8.86 g/L	Transition metal	1735
28	Ni	Nickel	58.693 u	[Ar]4s2 3d8	1.91	163	1.156 eV	+3, +2	7.64 eV	Solid	1728K	3186K	8.912 g/L	Transition metal	1751
29	Cu	Copper	63.55 u	[Ar]4s1 3d10	1.9	140	1.228 eV	+2, +1	7.726 eV	Solid	1357.77K	2835K	8.933 g/L	Transition metal	Ancient
30	Zn	Zinc	65.4 u	[Ar]4s2 3d10	1.65	139		2	9.394 eV	Solid	692.68K	1180K	7.134 g/L	Transition metal	1746
31	Ga	Gallium	69.723 u	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p1	1.81	187	0.3 eV	3	5.999 eV	Solid	302.91K	2477K	5.91 g/L	Post-transition metal	1875
32	Ge	Germanium	72.63 u	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p2	2.01	211	1.35 eV	+4, +2	7.9 eV	Solid	1211.4K	3106K	5.323 g/L	Metalloid	1886
33	As	Arsenic	74.92159 u	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p3	2.18	185	0.81 eV	+5, +3, -3	9.815 eV	Solid	1090K	887K	5.776 g/L	Metalloid	Ancient
34	Se	Selenium	78.97 u	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p4	2.55	190	2.021 eV	+6, +4, -2	9.752 eV	Solid	493.65K	958K	4.809 g/L	Nonmetal	1817
35	Br	Bromine	79.9 u	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p5	2.96	183	3.365 eV	+5, +1, -1	11.814 eV	Liquid	265.95K	331.95K	3.11 g/L	Halogen	1826
36	Kr	Krypton	83.8 u	[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p6	3	202		0	14 eV	Gas	115.79K	119.93K	0.003733 g/L	Noble gas	1898
37	Rb	Rubidium	85.468 u	[Kr]5s1	0.82	303	0.468 eV	1	4.177 eV	Solid	312.46K	961K	1.53 g/L	Alkali metal	1861
38	Sr	Strontium	87.62 u	[Kr]5s2	0.95	249		2	5.695 eV	Solid	1050K	1655K	2.64 g/L	Alkaline earth metal	1790
39	Y	Yttrium	88.90584 u	[Kr]5s2 4d1	1.22	219	0.307 eV	3	6.217 eV	Solid	1795K	3618K	4.47 g/L	Transition metal	1794
40	Zr	Zirconium	91.22 u	[Kr]5s2 4d2	1.33	186	0.426 eV	4	6.634 eV	Solid	2128K	4682K	6.52 g/L	Transition metal	1789
41	Nb	Niobium	92.90637 u	[Kr]5s1 4d4	1.6	207	0.893 eV	+5, +3	6.759 eV	Solid	2750K	5017K	8.57 g/L	Transition metal	1801
42	Mo	Molybdenum	95.95 u	[Kr]5s1 4d5	2.16	209	0.746 eV	6	7.092 eV	Solid	2896K	4912K	10.2 g/L	Transition metal	1778
43	Tc	Technetium	96.90636 u	[Kr]5s2 4d5	1.9	209	0.55 eV	+7, +6, +4	7.28 eV	Solid	2430K	4538K	11 g/L	Transition metal	1937
44	Ru	Ruthenium	101.1 u	[Kr]5s1 4d7	2.2	207	1.05 eV	3	7.361 eV	Solid	2607K	4423K	12.1 g/L	Transition metal	1827
45	Rh	Rhodium	102.9055 u	[Kr]5s1 4d8	2.28	195	1.137 eV	3	7.459 eV	Solid	2237K	3968K	12.4 g/L	Transition metal	1803
46	Pd	Palladium	106.42 u	[Kr]4d10	2.2	202	0.557 eV	+3, +2	8.337 eV	Solid	1828.05K	3236K	12 g/L	Transition metal	1803
47	Ag	Silver	107.868 u	[Kr]5s1 4d10	1.93	172	1.302 eV	1	7.576 eV	Solid	1234.93K	2435K	10.501 g/L	Transition metal	Ancient
48	Cd	Cadmium	112.41 u	[Kr]5s2 4d10	1.69	158		2	8.994 eV	Solid	594.22K	1040K	8.69 g/L	Transition metal	1817
49	In	Indium	114.818 u	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p1	1.78	193	0.3 eV	3	5.786 eV	Solid	429.75K	2345K	7.31 g/L	Post-transition metal	1863
50	Sn	Tin	118.71 u	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p2	1.96	217	1.2 eV	+4, +2	7.344 eV	Solid	505.08K	2875K	7.287 g/L	Post-transition metal	Ancient
51	Sb	Antimony	121.76 u	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p3	2.05	206	1.07 eV	+5, +3, -3	8.64 eV	Solid	903.78K	1860K	6.685 g/L	Metalloid	Ancient
52	Te	Tellurium	127.6 u	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p4	2.1	206	1.971 eV	+6, +4, -2	9.01 eV	Solid	722.66K	1261K	6.232 g/L	Metalloid	1782
53	I	Iodine	126.9045 u	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p5	2.66	198	3.059 eV	+7, +5, +1, -1	10.451 eV	Solid	386.85K	457.55K	4.93 g/L	Halogen	1811
54	Xe	Xenon	131.29 u	[Kr]5s2 4d10 5p6	2.6	216		0	12.13 eV	Gas	161.36K	165.03K	0.005887 g/L	Noble gas	1898
55	Cs	Cesium	132.905452 u	[Xe]6s1	0.79	343	0.472 eV	1	3.894 eV	Solid	301.59K	944K	1.93 g/L	Alkali metal	1860
56	Ba	Barium	137.33 u	[Xe]6s2	0.89	268		2	5.212 eV	Solid	1000K	2170K	3.62 g/L	Alkaline earth metal	1808
57	La	Lanthanum	138.9055 u	[Xe]6s2 5d1	1.1	240	0.5 eV	3	5.577 eV	Solid	1191K	3737K	6.15 g/L	Lanthanide	1839
58	Ce	Cerium	140.116 u	[Xe]6s2 4f1 5d1	1.12	235	0.5 eV	+4, +3	5.539 eV	Solid	1071K	3697K	6.77 g/L	Lanthanide	1803
59	Pr	Praseodymium	140.90766 u	[Xe]6s2 4f3	1.13	239		3	5.464 eV	Solid	1204K	3793K	6.77 g/L	Lanthanide	1885
60	Nd	Neodymium	144.24 u	[Xe]6s2 4f4	1.14	229		3	5.525 eV	Solid	1294K	3347K	7.01 g/L	Lanthanide	1885
61	Pm	Promethium	144.91276 u	[Xe]6s2 4f5		236		3	5.55 eV	Solid	1315K	3273K	7.26 g/L	Lanthanide	1945
62	Sm	Samarium	150.4 u	[Xe]6s2 4f6	1.17	229		+3, +2	5.644 eV	Solid	1347K	2067K	7.52 g/L	Lanthanide	1879
63	Eu	Europium	151.964 u	[Xe]6s2 4f7		233		+3, +2	5.67 eV	Solid	1095K	1802K	5.24 g/L	Lanthanide	1901
64	Gd	Gadolinium	157.2 u	[Xe]6s2 4f7 5d1	1.2	237		3	6.15 eV	Solid	1586K	3546K	7.9 g/L	Lanthanide	1880
65	Tb	Terbium	158.92535 u	[Xe]6s2 4f9		221		3	5.864 eV	Solid	1629K	3503K	8.23 g/L	Lanthanide	1843
66	Dy	Dysprosium	162.5 u	[Xe]6s2 4f10	1.22	229		3	5.939 eV	Solid	1685K	2840K	8.55 g/L	Lanthanide	1886
67	Ho	Holmium	164.93033 u	[Xe]6s2 4f11	1.23	216		3	6.022 eV	Solid	1747K	2973K	8.8 g/L	Lanthanide	1878
68	Er	Erbium	167.26 u	[Xe]6s2 4f12	1.24	235		3	6.108 eV	Solid	1802K	3141K	9.07 g/L	Lanthanide	1843
69	Tm	Thulium	168.93422 u	[Xe]6s2 4f13	1.25	227		3	6.184 eV	Solid	1818K	2223K	9.32 g/L	Lanthanide	1879
70	Yb	Ytterbium	173.05 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14		242		+3, +2	6.254 eV	Solid	1092K	1469K	6.9 g/L	Lanthanide	1878
71	Lu	Lutetium	174.9668 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d1	1.27	221		3	5.426 eV	Solid	1936K	3675K	9.84 g/L	Lanthanide	1907
72	Hf	Hafnium	178.49 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d2	1.3	212		4	6.825 eV	Solid	2506K	4876K	13.3 g/L	Transition metal	1923
73	Ta	Tantalum	180.9479 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d3	1.5	217	0.322 eV	5	7.89 eV	Solid	3290K	5731K	16.4 g/L	Transition metal	1802
74	W	Tungsten	183.84 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d4	2.36	210	0.815 eV	6	7.98 eV	Solid	3695K	5828K	19.3 g/L	Transition metal	1783
75	Re	Rhenium	186.207 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d5	1.9	217	0.15 eV	+7, +6, +4	7.88 eV	Solid	3459K	5869K	20.8 g/L	Transition metal	1925
76	Os	Osmium	190.2 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d6	2.2	216	1.1 eV	+4, +3	8.7 eV	Solid	3306K	5285K	22.57 g/L	Transition metal	1803
77	Ir	Iridium	192.22 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d7	2.2	202	1.565 eV	+4, +3	9.1 eV	Solid	2719K	4701K	22.42 g/L	Transition metal	1803
78	Pt	Platinum	195.08 u	[Xe]6s1 4f14 5d9	2.28	209	2.128 eV	+4, +2	9 eV	Solid	2041.55K	4098K	21.46 g/L	Transition metal	1735
79	Au	Gold	196.96657 u	[Xe]6s1 4f14 5d10	2.54	166	2.309 eV	+3, +1	9.226 eV	Solid	1337.33K	3129K	19.282 g/L	Transition metal	Ancient
80	Hg	Mercury	200.59 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10	2	209		+2, +1	10.438 eV	Liquid	234.32K	629.88K	13.5336 g/L	Transition metal	Ancient
81	Tl	Thallium	204.383 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1	1.62	196	0.2 eV	+3, +1	6.108 eV	Solid	577K	1746K	11.8 g/L	Post-transition metal	1861
82	Pb	Lead	207 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2	2.33	202	0.36 eV	+4, +2	7.417 eV	Solid	600.61K	2022K	11.342 g/L	Post-transition metal	Ancient
83	Bi	Bismuth	208.9804 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3	2.02	207	0.946 eV	+5, +3	7.289 eV	Solid	544.55K	1837K	9.807 g/L	Post-transition metal	1753
84	Po	Polonium	208.98243 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4	2	197	1.9 eV	+4, +2	8.417 eV	Solid	527K	1235K	9.32 g/L	Metalloid	1898
85	At	Astatine	209.98715 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p5	2.2	202	2.8 eV	7, 5, 3, 1, -1	9.5 eV	Solid	575K		7 g/L	Halogen	1940
86	Rn	Radon	222.01758 u	[Xe]6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6		220		0	10.745 eV	Gas	202K	211.45K	0.00973 g/L	Noble gas	1900
87	Fr	Francium	223.01973 u	[Rn]7s1	0.7	348	0.47 eV	1	3.9 eV	Solid	300K			Alkali metal	1939
88	Ra	Radium	226.02541 u	[Rn]7s2	0.9	283		2	5.279 eV	Solid	973K	1413K	5 g/L	Alkaline earth metal	1898
89	Ac	Actinium	227.02775 u	[Rn]7s2 6d1	1.1	260		3	5.17 eV	Solid	1324K	3471K	10.07 g/L	Actinide	1899
90	Th	Thorium	232.038 u	[Rn]7s2 6d2	1.3	237		4	6.08 eV	Solid	2023K	5061K	11.72 g/L	Actinide	1828
91	Pa	Protactinium	231.03588 u	[Rn]7s2 5f2 6d1	1.5	243		+5, +4	5.89 eV	Solid	1845K		15.37 g/L	Actinide	1913
92	U	Uranium	238.0289 u	[Rn]7s2 5f3 6d1	1.38	240		+6, +5, +4, +3	6.194 eV	Solid	1408K	4404K	18.95 g/L	Actinide	1789
93	Np	Neptunium	237.048172 u	[Rn]7s2 5f4 6d1	1.36	221		+6, +5, +4, +3	6.266 eV	Solid	917K	4175K	20.25 g/L	Actinide	1940
94	Pu	Plutonium	244.0642 u	[Rn]7s2 5f6	1.28	243		+6, +5, +4, +3	6.06 eV	Solid	913K	3501K	19.84 g/L	Actinide	1940
95	Am	Americium	243.06138 u	[Rn]7s2 5f7	1.3	244		+6, +5, +4, +3	5.993 eV	Solid	1449K	2284K	13.69 g/L	Actinide	1944
96	Cm	Curium	247.07035 u	[Rn]7s2 5f7 6d1	1.3	245		3	6.02 eV	Solid	1618K	3400K	13.51 g/L	Actinide	1944
97	Bk	Berkelium	247.07031 u	[Rn]7s2 5f9	1.3	244		+4, +3	6.23 eV	Solid	1323K		14 g/L	Actinide	1949
98	Cf	Californium	251.07959 u	[Rn]7s2 5f10	1.3	245		3	6.3 eV	Solid	1173K			Actinide	1950
99	Es	Einsteinium	252.083 u	[Rn]7s2 5f11	1.3	245		3	6.42 eV	Solid	1133K			Actinide	1952
100	Fm	Fermium	257.09511 u	[Rn] 5f12 7s2	1.3			3	6.5 eV	Solid	1800K			Actinide	1952
101	Md	Mendelevium	258.09843 u	[Rn]7s2 5f13	1.3			+3, +2	6.58 eV	Solid	1100K			Actinide	1955
102	No	Nobelium	259.101 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14	1.3			+3, +2	6.65 eV	Solid	1100K			Actinide	1957
103	Lr	Lawrencium	266.12 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d1	1.3			3		Solid	1900K			Actinide	1961
104	Rf	Rutherfordium	267.122 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d2				4		Solid				Transition metal	1964
105	Db	Dubnium	268.126 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d3				5, 4, 3		Solid				Transition metal	1967
106	Sg	Seaborgium	269.128 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d4				6, 5, 4, 3, 0		Solid				Transition metal	1974
107	Bh	Bohrium	270.133 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d5				7, 5, 4, 3		Solid				Transition metal	1976
108	Hs	Hassium	269.1336 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d6				8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2		Solid				Transition metal	1984
109	Mt	Meitnerium	277.154 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d7 (calculated)				9, 8, 6, 4, 3, 1		Solid				Transition metal	1982
110	Ds	Darmstadtium	282.166 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d8 (predicted)				8, 6, 4, 2, 0		Expected to be a Solid				Transition metal	1994
111	Rg	Roentgenium	282.169 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d9 (predicted)				5, 3, 1, -1		Expected to be a Solid				Transition metal	1994
112	Cn	Copernicium	286.179 u	[Rn]7s2 5f14 6d10 (predicted)				2, 1, 0		Expected to be a Solid				Transition metal	1996
113	Nh	Nihonium	286.182 u	[Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1 (predicted)						Expected to be a Solid				Post-transition metal	2004
114	Fl	Flerovium	290.192 u	[Rn]7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (predicted)				6, 4,2, 1, 0		Expected to be a Solid				Post-transition metal	1998
115	Mc	Moscovium	290.196 u	[Rn]7s2 7p3 5f14 6d10 (predicted)				3, 1		Expected to be a Solid				Post-transition metal	2003
116	Lv	Livermorium	293.205 u	[Rn]7s2 7p4 5f14 6d10 (predicted)				+4, +2, -2		Expected to be a Solid				Post-transition metal	2000
117	Ts	Tennessine	294.211 u	[Rn]7s2 7p5 5f14 6d10 (predicted)				+5, +3, +1, -1		Expected to be a Solid				Halogen	2010
118	Og	Oganesson	295.216 u	[Rn]7s2 7p6 5f14 6d10 (predicted)				+6, +4, +2, +1, 0, -1		Expected to be a Gas				Noble gas	2006